The Ironist

Differing Perspectives

The Angel of the Archive: The Philosopher Who Forgot What He Believed

In the Angel of the Archive series by Jonathan Bennett, this one is about a footnote that baffled generations.

In 1723, a minor German philosopher named Johann Andreas Grüber published a dense metaphysical and epistemological treatise entitled De Tenebris Rationis (“On the Darkness of Reason”). The work had been his life’s labour for nearly three decades, during which he had eschewed marriage, family, and society in pursuit of its completion. It was not widely read, and those who did attempt it complained of its convoluted structure, baroque Latin, and lengthy footnotes that referred—often bitterly—to other works of Grüber that he, in fact, never wrote.

What makes De Tenebris Rationis notable is not its content, which no one has ever bothered to summarize, but a note discovered in the sole surviving copy, now belonging to the Stadtbibliothek of Würzburg.

What kind of an Ironist are You?

Take the quiz and find out.

The note, in German, appears in Grüber’s own hand, written shakily in the margin of the final page:

“I have read this book three times and must confess, with growing unease, that I no longer know whether I agree with it.”

No further writings by Grüber are known to exist. His name disappears from the public record soon afterward. One contemporary letter suggests he retired to a small village and took up beekeeping “for reasons of ontological fatigue.”

Philosophical journals occasionally reference Grüber’s Paradox: the tendency of complex intellectual systems to erode the memory of the beliefs that built them.

It is unclear whether this paradox is Grüber’s invention, or a joke at his expense.

–

Contributed by

Jonathan Bennett

Author

  • Mr. Jonathan Bennett is a historian by education, a chef by profession, and an ironist by necessity. Once on a trajectory toward a lucrative career in law, he took a sharp turn into the far less profitable (but arguably more flavorful) world of fine dining. After tiring of crafting exquisite dishes for a pittance, he found himself cooking for a less discerning clientele beyond the Arctic Circle - as with most of his life, an existential joke not lost on him.

    His passions lie in history, particularly the Middle Ages, Byzantium, and the Renaissance. As well, he is drawn to religion, art, literature, and certain esoteric interests best discussed over a strong drink (or two). A seasoned traveler, he is equally at home everywhere from fine Viennese cafés to alchemist’s dens beneath the streets of Prague, crumbling ruins high in the Caucasus mountains, and the labyrinthine alleys of Old Damascus. Despite being voted in high school as both ‘most likely to become a third-world dictator’ AND ‘most likely to become a monk’, neither fate has yet come to pass. He resides part of the time in Montreal, where he continues to indulge in debates – usually defending causes long since lost.

The Boy Who Had No One

The Boy Who Had No One

Aashisha reviews the upcoming biography of David Rhoiney No One’s Coming to Save You, releasing on 8 Dec, 2026. No One’s Coming To Save You by Ed William is the true story of David Rhoiney, a boy who spent his childhood in a homeless shelter and grew up to become a...

Words, Words, Words VII : Comfort Books

Words, Words, Words VII : Comfort Books

Peter writes his seventh essay on his comfort books and a review of The Bookseller’s Tale. Picture Credit: Goodreads Polonius: What do you read, my lord? Hamlet: Words, words, words. Polonius: What is the matter, my lord? Hamlet: Between who? Polonius: I mean, the...

Life in a Pond

Life in a Pond

Read Jim's version of Walden in his meditation on the hidden Oxbow pond. You know the fable and so do I. The homely frog prince-in-waiting, pining away on his lily pad being ignored by all the beautiful princesses, until that fateful day. The moral? Maintain hope,...

Everyone Knows Everyone in Firozsha Baag

Everyone Knows Everyone in Firozsha Baag

Revisiting a Bombay neighbourhood through Rohinton Mistry’s story collection I have a soft spot for books that engage in storytelling for the sake of it. No plot as such. Just a writer at their desk, writing about people they see through their window. The window this...